"China controls approximately 70 percent of global rare-earth mining and over 85 percent of refining"
China accounts for approximately 70 percent of global rare-earth mine production and over 85 percent of separation / refining capacity per USGS and IEA data, with accelerating export controls on rare-earth processing technology since 2023.
This is a human-established fact, not a universal axiom. It is true within INTERNATIONAL as enacted by US Geological Survey; International Energy Agency (Critical Minerals Outlook).
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USGS and IEA data show China accounts for approximately 70 percent of global rare-earth-oxide mine production and more than 85 percent of separation and refining capacity. Heavy rare earths (dysprosium, terbium, yttrium) — the magnet-critical elements — are particularly concentrated. In 2023-2024 China placed export controls on gallium, germanium, graphite, and rare-earth extraction and separation technology, tightening the export-licensing regime. This concentration is the anchor risk for the Inflation Reduction Act FEOC rules and the AUKUS-Quad critical-minerals cooperation.
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